Origins and Backgrounds of the Cartridges
The 45-70 Government, a cartridge with a rich history, emerged during the late 19th century. Born as the standard-issue round for the U.S. Army, this cartridge’s name reflects its bullet diameter (.45 caliber), the weight of the black powder charge (70 grains), and its adoption by the government. Initially designed for the Springfield Model 1873 rifle, the 45-70 quickly gained popularity among civilian hunters, particularly in the American West. Its simplicity, coupled with a heavy bullet and substantial stopping power, cemented its place as a versatile tool for bringing down a variety of game, from deer to larger species like elk and bear. The 45-70’s long history has meant it has consistently seen improvements and re-introduction over time, with the rise of smokeless powders for example. The legacy of the 45-70 is a testament to its enduring effectiveness, proving its continued relevance today.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, in contrast, is a more modern creation. Developed in the mid-1950s by Winchester Repeating Arms Company, this cartridge was a direct response to a growing need for a powerful, factory-loaded cartridge suitable for hunting dangerous game in Africa and other regions. The 458 Winchester Magnum was designed to fit in a standard bolt action rifle and provide improved ballistics and performance over existing big bore offerings at the time. It filled the market gap by being a factory-loaded round that could easily deal with the demands of hunting thick-skinned, dangerous animals. The 458 Win Mag was built for the specific purpose of taking down the world’s toughest game animals. The 458 Winchester Magnum has had a significant impact on the big bore hunting world, offering unmatched stopping power and impressive range capabilities.
Diving into Cartridge Specifications and Ballistics
Examining the specifications of the 45-70 and the 458 Winchester Magnum reveals important differences. The 45-70 typically uses bullets ranging from around three hundred grains to over five hundred grains, with popular choices including bullets in the 300-405 grain weight range. The bullet diameter for the 45-70 is .458 inches. The 45-70 is often loaded in straight-walled cases.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, on the other hand, has a significantly larger case. It is designed to handle much higher pressures, allowing it to propel heavier bullets at much greater velocities. Common bullet weights for the 458 Winchester Magnum range from about 300 grains up to over 600 grains, with standard loads using bullets between 400 and 500 grains. The 458 Winchester Magnum also uses a .458-inch diameter bullet, similar to the 45-70.
The ballistic performances of the two rounds differ substantially. The 45-70, when loaded with modern smokeless powders, can achieve muzzle velocities around 1,300 to 1,800 feet per second, depending on the bullet weight and powder charge. Its effective range typically lies within two hundred yards. The trajectory of the 45-70 is relatively curved, which requires careful holdover for longer shots.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, however, offers considerably better ballistics. The 458 Win Mag can generate muzzle velocities exceeding 2,000 feet per second, even with bullets weighing more than 500 grains. This increased velocity translates into flatter trajectories and greater effective ranges, often extending to three hundred yards or more, depending on the bullet and load. The 458 Winchester Magnum’s flatter trajectory makes it more suitable for taking longer shots.
These differences in ballistic performance directly affect the effectiveness of each cartridge in the field. The 458 Winchester Magnum’s greater range and energy make it a better choice for situations where longer shots are necessary, or when facing larger, tougher game.
Exploring Rifle Platforms and Availability
The availability of rifles chambered in both calibers is another point to consider. The 45-70 has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity, and is available in various rifle platforms. Lever-action rifles are particularly common, with models from manufacturers like Marlin, Henry, and Winchester offering various configurations. Bolt-action rifles are also available, providing a different feel and more modern features. Single-shot rifles, like those from Ruger, also chamber this venerable cartridge. The wide range of platforms and manufacturers means there’s a 45-70 rifle to fit virtually any hunter’s preference and budget. The ease of availability and the relatively lower cost of many 45-70 rifles contribute to their appeal.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, while not as common as the 45-70, is primarily found in bolt-action rifles. This design is preferred for its strength and ability to handle the higher pressures generated by the cartridge. Manufacturers like Winchester, Ruger, and Weatherby produce quality rifles chambered in 458 Win Mag, offering various features and finishes. Because the 458 Winchester Magnum is designed to be a powerful, dedicated dangerous game cartridge, the choices are more limited to stronger, more specialized platforms.
The weight and recoil of rifles chambered in each cartridge are important considerations. 45-70 rifles are generally lighter than the 458 Winchester Magnum counterparts. The 458 Winchester Magnum’s heavier bullets, higher velocities, and larger powder charges, inevitably result in much more felt recoil. Hunters considering this caliber should be prepared for a more significant kick and take measures to mitigate it, such as using recoil pads and practicing proper shooting techniques.
Hunting Applications and Effectiveness in the Field
The appropriate hunting applications for the 45-70 and the 458 Winchester Magnum differ based on the target game, terrain, and the range at which the hunt will take place. The 45-70 is an excellent choice for medium-sized game animals, such as deer, elk, and black bear. Its moderate recoil and ease of use make it a pleasure to shoot. However, the 45-70’s shorter range and trajectory limitations are important considerations, and shots should be taken within a reasonable distance. The 45-70 performs well at close to moderate ranges.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, on the other hand, is a dedicated dangerous game cartridge, perfectly suited for hunting large and dangerous animals such as African lions, elephants, and other large, thick-skinned game. Its ability to deliver massive amounts of energy at longer ranges makes it a reliable choice for stopping a charging animal. The 458 Winchester Magnum is typically used in open terrain or areas where longer shots may be needed.
Shot placement and bullet selection are crucial for both cartridges. The heavier bullets of the 45-70 have great penetration, and they are well-suited for a variety of big game animals. The 458 Winchester Magnum’s ability to push heavier bullets at higher velocities results in devastating terminal performance. Hunters should always choose the right bullet type for the specific game they are pursuing, and consider factors like penetration and expansion. The hunter’s experience and knowledge of the target animal’s anatomy is paramount.
Comparing the Recoil and Shooting Experience
The recoil of each cartridge is an important consideration. The 45-70, while generating a noticeable kick, is generally considered manageable by most shooters. The heavier the rifle, and the milder the load, the less intense the recoil. The felt recoil is usually similar to a heavy twelve-gauge shotgun, which, while substantial, is not unmanageable for many shooters. The 45-70 is frequently enjoyed for target shooting and recreational shooting.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, in contrast, generates a significantly more powerful recoil. The heavier bullets and higher velocities create a sharper, more punishing kick. Some shooters find that the recoil of the 458 Winchester Magnum can be uncomfortable. Proper technique, practice, and rifle fit are essential for comfortable and accurate shooting with the 458 Winchester Magnum.
The difference in recoil significantly affects the overall shooting experience. The 45-70 offers a more relaxed experience. Hunters often enjoy a higher volume of practice with the 45-70. The 458 Winchester Magnum demands more caution and preparation. Frequent practice is still necessary to develop proficiency, but the cost and intensity can be greater.
Ammunition, Reloading, and Cost Considerations
The availability and cost of ammunition are important factors for any shooter. Factory ammunition for the 45-70 is readily available from various manufacturers, and the cost is typically reasonable. This means that shooters can easily find ammunition for practice and hunting. The availability of 45-70 ammunition is often good in most sporting goods stores.
Factory ammunition for the 458 Winchester Magnum is also available, but it’s generally more expensive. This higher cost is due to the larger case, the more expensive components, and the fact that it is a less common cartridge. While still available at most stores, the 458 Winchester Magnum does have some limitations on the availability, and often comes with a steeper price tag.
Reloading offers shooters more control over their ammunition. Both cartridges are well-suited for reloading. The 45-70 is particularly popular among handloaders, offering considerable flexibility to customize loads for specific game or shooting applications. Reloading allows you to experiment with different bullet weights, powder charges, and types. The ability to tailor the loads can help optimize the 45-70’s performance.
The 458 Winchester Magnum is also suitable for reloading. Reloading allows hunters to fine-tune their loads and potentially reduce costs. The cost of reloading components may vary, but can usually lead to a lower cost per round over time. Hunters who reload can benefit from its versatility, allowing them to optimize their ammunition for specific hunting situations.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Cartridge
The 45-70 has a few key advantages. It has a lower recoil, making it more comfortable to shoot, and has a wide selection of rifles available, allowing for a variety of options. The ammunition costs are generally more reasonable, which makes it more accessible. The 45-70 has a long history and has proven to be effective for a variety of big game.
The 45-70, however, does have some drawbacks. Its range is shorter compared to many modern cartridges. The 45-70’s performance may be limited in some hunting situations.
The 458 Winchester Magnum’s main advantages include its superior ballistics, and longer effective ranges. The 458 Winchester Magnum’s powerful, devastating impact makes it the ideal choice for dangerous game hunting.
The 458 Winchester Magnum, however, also has some disadvantages. The cartridge generates significant recoil, which can be off-putting to some shooters. The price of ammunition is typically higher, as is the cost of the rifles chambered in that caliber.
Which Cartridge Suits Your Needs?
When it comes to choosing the right cartridge, it comes down to the specific needs of the hunter. If the goal is to hunt medium-sized game at moderate ranges, the 45-70 Government is an excellent option. Its manageable recoil, the wide availability of rifles, and its solid ballistics make it a versatile and enjoyable choice.
If, however, the focus is on hunting dangerous game or hunting in situations where long-range shots are common, the 458 Winchester Magnum is the clear choice. Its superior power, range, and stopping capabilities make it the perfect choice for facing the world’s toughest animals.
For those interested in general-purpose hunting, the decision depends on the type of game, the terrain, and personal preferences. The 45-70 offers a more approachable shooting experience for newer shooters and more affordable costs. For hunters expecting to encounter larger game or hunt in an open landscape, the 458 Winchester Magnum may be a better choice.
In Conclusion
The 45-70 Government and the 458 Winchester Magnum represent two distinct categories of large-bore cartridges. The 45-70, with its roots in the American frontier, is a capable and versatile round for a variety of hunting applications. The 458 Winchester Magnum, born from the need to control dangerous game, is a specialist for taking down the world’s biggest and toughest animals. The correct cartridge depends on what you plan to hunt and where you plan to hunt it.
To decide which cartridge is best for you, research more information about the target game you plan to hunt. Consider your typical shooting ranges. Take time to research the recoil and overall costs. If possible, spend time on a shooting range with both calibers, and seek the advice of experienced hunters to make the best decision.
